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Course objectives
Geophysical and Radar sounding are used for the remote observation and characterization of a target located also in the subsurface.
First, the course presents the elastic and electrical properties of the rocks, deriving the equations of seismic and electromagnetic wave propagation in the subsurface. Particular attention is dedicated to the analysis of rock parameters identification from geophysical measurements.
Then, the basis of electromagnetic imaging, from the microwaves to the visible, and sensors: adiometer, infrared, and optical are briefly overviewed.
RADAR systems are presented, with focus on Synthetic Aperture RADAR for high resolution imaging, image properties and interpretastion and applications.
Ranging and precise location by interferometry are dicsussed and compared with competitive technologies like LIDAR, SONAR and GPS.
Geophysical Imaging
Seismic methods
Elastic properties of rocks, Hooke law, elastic wave equation, Born approximation, diffraction tomography.
Refraction and reflection seismic methods: data acquisition and processing.
Traveltime tomography.
Examples of application and analysis of case histories.
Electrical and electromagnetic methods
Electrical properties of the rocks. Electromagnetic wave propagation in low loss media. Conduction and displacement currents.
Electrical prospecting: data acquisition and inversion. Resistivity method, self-potential method, induced polarization method.
Electromagnetic prospecting: data acquistion and interpretation. Conductivity meter, metal detector, VLF-EM method, AFMAG method, magnetotelluric method.
Ground Penetrating Radar: data acquisition and processing.
Examples of application and analysis of case histories.
Principles of rock physics
Physical properties of porous rocks and geophysical measurements: constitutive equations, rock properties estimation and observability.
Integrated applications of geophysical methods
Cooperative inversion, joint inversion.
Radar Imaging
Introduction to remote sensing.
Black body radiation: power spectrum, Plank and Wien laws. Radiance, brilliance and reflectance: Kirchhoff law. Solar radiation and antennas. Speckle, radiometric and geometric resolution.
Sensors and applications: from IR to visible.
Radiometers, multi-band spectrometers, and optical images: principles, systems (Landsat, Ikonos, Geoeye). From acquisition to imaging: calibration, geocoding, detection and performance evaluation. Applications: vegetation, spectral signatures, principal component analysis. stereoscopy and digital elevation models.
RADAR - ground to spaceborne
Principle, concepts and building blocks. Localization and ranging in 1D - 3D . Resolution and ambiguities. Smart antennas: real and synthetic arrays. Pulses (chirp). RADAR cross section and RADAR equation. Synthetic Aperture RADAR: geometric distortions, acquisition & focusing. SAR Interferometry: phase unwrapping and noise source (coherence maps).
Applications for SAR imaging, interferometry and tomography for environment, security, services and market. Digital Elevation Model generation, tomography, classification & identification of moving targets: ships & veichles, fast and slow deformation monitoring for infrastructures, landslides & slopes, mine.
Prerequisites
Introductory courses in signal processing and mathematics.
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Inglese