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SNTHETIC PROGRAM OF THE INTEGRATED COURSE (Imaging + CAS)
BIOMEDICAL IMAGES AND COMPUTER AIDED SURGERY METHODS [C.I.]
Biomedical Images - Introduction: importance of 3D, multimodal, and functional imaging. Reconstruction from projection methods: 3D, numerical, statistical. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) principles and instrumentation. Non ideal factors and artifacts in MRI. In vivo MRI spectroscopy. MRI angiography. Diffusion weighted MRI and tractography. Functional MRI and statistical parametric mapping. Non linear and 3D echography. Cardiac imaging. Computer Aided Surgery - Design of Computer Assisted Surgery (CAS) systems. Pre-operative phase: 4-D imaging; methods for 2-D and 3-D segmentation; modelling and rendering of surfaces and volumes; Surgical simulation and planning: conventions for position and orientation representation; mapping and spatial transformations. Surgical robotics: kinematic chains; direct and inverse kinematic problem. Intra-operative phase: stereotactic surgery and image guided surgery. The registration problem: point-based registration; surface registration; acquisition and registration of intra-operative images; Target Registration Error. Surgical navigation. Management of organ motion events; methods of deformable registration. Example of applications in neurosurgery, orthopaedic surgery, radiosurgery.
PROGRAMMA SINTETICO DEL CORSO INTEGRATO (Immagini + CAS)
METODI PER IMMAGINI BIOMEDICHE E CHIRURGIA ASSISTITA [C.I.]
Immagini biomediche - Introduzione: importanza dell'imaging, 3D, multimodale e funzionale. Metodi di ricostruzione da proiezioni di immagini 3D, numerici, statistici. Principi e strumentazione per immagini di risonanza magnetica nucleare (MRI). Non idealità ed artefatti MRI. Spettroscopia MRI in vivo. Angiografia MRI. Immagini MRI pesate in diffusione e trattografia. MRI funzionale e mappe parametriche statistiche. Ecografia non lineare e 3D. Immagini cardiache. Chirurgia assistita - Struttura dei sistemi di Computer Aided Surgery (CAS). Fase pre-operatoria: imaging 4-D; metodi di segmentazione 2D e 3D; modellazione e rappresentazione di superfici e volumi. Simulazione e pianificazione chirurgica: convenzioni di rappresentazione di posizione e orientamento; mapping e trasformazioni. Cenni di robotica in chirurgia: catene cinematiche, problema cinematico diretto e inverso. Fase intra-operatoria: chirurgia stereotassica e chirurgia guidata da immagini. Il problema della registrazione: metodi per punti corrispondenti; registrazione di superfici; acquisizione e registrazione di immagini intra-operatorie; Target Registration Error. Navigazione in chirurgia. Gestione dei fenomeni di organ motion; metodi di registrazione non rigida. Esempi di applicazione: neurochirurgia, chirurgia ortopedica, radiochirurgia.
IMAGING MODULE
Aims
Course aim is to consolidate the basic elements furnushed by the Bioimaging course and show the main trends in advanced applications for functional exploration, tridimensional (3D) reconstruction, and multimodal integration.
Prerequisites are given by the basic elements of reconstruciton methods in diagnostic imaging scanners.
Detailed program
– Trends of imaging: 3D, functional, multi–modality.
Advanced Methods for 3D Reconstruction from Projections
– A general frame–work of the problem: discrete to continuous, discrete to discrete, continuous to continuous.
– Iterative (discrete to discrete) Maximum Likelihood methods, Aglebraic reconstruction technique (ART); maximum likelihood (ML) methods in nuclear medicine imaging.
– Fundamentals of analytical (continuous to continuous) 3D methods; approximated cone–beam Feldkamp, Davis, Kress (FDK) algorithm.
Principles of MRI
– Introduction, application overview, physical principles and instrumentation.
– Generation of nuclear magnetic resonance signal.
– Signal characteristics: FID, Spin Echo, Stimulated Echo, Gradient Echo.
– Signal localization: slice selection, frequency encoding, phase encoding, k–space.
– MRI contrast. Proton density, T1, T2, T2*. Recall of main sequence introduced in the previous course.
– PSF, Gibbs ringing artefact, chemical shift artefact, movement artefacts, SNR.
In vivo MR Spectroscopy (MRS) e Chemical Shift Imaging (CSI)
– Chemical shift artefact; signal: absorption mode; applications C–13, P–31, H–1; localization
Functional MRI (fMRI)
– Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) sequence, BOLD signal, smoothing, registration, filtering, hemodynamic response.
– Introduction to Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM), regressors, confounding effects, contrast testing.
MR Angiography (MRA) and perfusion studies
– Principles: phase contrast, time of light (TOF), Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE) angiography.
– General perfusion concepts: regional blood flow, volume, mean transit time. DCE and dynamic suscettivity contrast (DSC) perfusion studies.
Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI), Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) e Tractography
– General concepts: attenuation due to diffusion and DWI.
– Diffusion tensor, principal directions and anisotropy indexes, tractography.
Image Registration
– Principles, linear and non–linear transforms, point based estimates.
– Surface based and volume (gray level) based estimates, mutual information.
3D UltraSound (US) Imaging and Advanced Methods
– 3D US from B–mode and tracking; real time 3D by 2D arrays and parallel receiving.
– Non linear and methods and upper harmonics, echo–contrast, therapeutic effects.
Organization
The course is organized in frontal classes. Course material will be enriched by monographic seminars, possibly in external labs.
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Inglese